Although advocates for a more ecologically rational agriculture persistently argue that the science of ecology should underlie the science of agriculture, we argue that the science itself is in a state of rapid evolution, especially with regard to acknowledging the important contextualization of complex systems. In the present article, we summarize much of the work we…

Carotenoids in grape berries have been shown to increase in berries with increased in solar radiation pre-veraison . However, under extreme exposure to heat and solar radiation, there is a documented decrease in carotenoid concentrations during ripening . To preserve the carotenoid concentrations in the grape berry and to promote C13-norisoprenoids in resulting wines under…

The vine’s leaf petioles and blades contained about 30 ppm boron. While the foliage had no symptoms of boron deficiency, in the past the grower had observed sticking caps and pumpkin-shaped shot berries, which are indicative of boron deficiency. During the course of the research, the vineyard was drip-irrigated from April through October. The vineyard…

To ensure that there was no airflow leakage within the setup, the relation between subglottal pressure and applied airflow was tested. Because of the linear correlation between these two parameters, as displayed in the top row of Fig. 3, which has also been reported by Alipour and colleagues, flow leakage in the setup was ruled out…

Wines were analyzed sensorially using descriptive analysis in the J. Lohr Wine Sensory Room, University of California, Davis, CA. GN, BA, and CS wines were analyzed approximately two, three, and four months, respectively, after bottling. Three separate descriptive analysis panels were utilized, one for each variety. Eleven panelists were recruited for GN, and ten each…

In that same study, Huang and Yang report anecdotal evidence that suggests equal yields in orchards that use chemicals vs. orchards that use ant bridges to control for pests. Similarly, Peng and Christian , report lower levels of fruit damage in cashew with the presence of weaver ants. However, as vegetation complexity declines in agroecosystems, tree…

Recruitment is understood to be an integral component of trail-following in which ant workers follow chemical foraging trails to a food source, then re-apply chemical trails until that food source is exhausted. Tuna baiting is an effective and widely used method of assessing ant recruitment in coffee agroecosystem. To assess the impact of connectivity on…

This relationship was not observed in 2021, and it might be derived from the relatively higher crop load and lower leaf area to fruit ratio in 2021 compared to 2020, especially by SH and HQ . SH and HQ did not have a similar source-sink balance as 2020, which lowered their capacity to translocate photosynthates…

The weather conditions during the execution of this experiment were highlighted by greater maximum daily temperatures when compared to the reference period . This was more prominent during the driest months . Moreover, global solar radiation received at the experimental site was to ca. 200 W m−2 greater than the total solar radiation recorded within…

It can occur in many varieties, but is especially prevalent in Cabernet Sauvignon on California’s North Coast. It has been described in the literature in many different countries, with descriptive terms that include waterberry , bunchstem dieback , shanking , stiellähme , palo negro , desséchement de la rafl e and dessichimiento della rachide . No specifi…