Without knowing the actual adaptations undertaken, this approach provides limited analysis on economic efficiency. Hanemann argues that Ricardian models may not even capture long-run efficiency because economic agents do not behave optimally even in the long run. Studies of both short-run and mid-to-long run suggest that farmers with access to groundwater will tend to increase pumping,…

Several high-quality serum-free media formulations were discovered which allows for further, more principled, experiments to be made to accompany and expand on the discoveries made in this study. Further work should be performed on correlating biomarkers and morphological attributes to cell differentiation and proliferation, both to improve the robustness of predictions and to simultaneously optimize…

Under the terms imposed by the DOJ, the companies are not allowed to exchange information about manufacturing cost of goods or sales prices of their drugs, and the duration of the collaboration is limited to the current pandemic. Yet another approach is a government-led strategy in which government bodies define a time-critical national security need…

TEA models have been developed and are publicly available for a variety of plant-based bio-manufacturing facilities, including whole plant and plant cell bioreactor processes for production of mAbs , antiviral lectins , therapeutics , and antimicrobial peptides . These tools are particularly useful for the development of new processes because they can indicate which areas…

As noted by Duflo et al. , the rapid population growth has made Africa to be no longer viewed as a land-abundant region where food crop supply could be increased by expansion of land used in agriculture. Large areas in Africa are increasingly becoming marginal for agriculture and arable land has become scarce in many…

Degressivity was left to the member states as an option, with a very small level made mandatory . Moreover, member states could choose to garnish their total national envelope, as opposed to applying degressivity directly to their largest earnings, allowing them to reduce or entirely eliminate the loss to large farmers. Finally, greening measures were…

If he did not reform the income payment system, new member states would explode the budget beyond sustainability. If the CAP remained an obstacle for European services and manufacturing in trade negotiations, these external actors would force deep and unpleasant changes to CAP programs such that European agriculture no longer tied their hands. In other…

Beyond having smaller than proposed price cuts and a broader extension of compensation, beef and dairy producers benefited from an additional, hidden form compensation in that price cuts to cereals lowered their input costs related to animal feed. In addition, efforts to redirect additional compensation to small farmers and to reduce the payments of the…

The memory of starvation in Europe was still strong, and thus there was a powerful morally negative association attached to the destruction of food. Given these restrictions, the surpluses were disposed of in three main ways. One was to sell the products back to farmers at low prices. This option was primarily utilized with those…

The base tariff of 27% on beef offal is scheduled to phase out in fifteen years and the base tariff of 1% on hides and skins will be eliminated immediately.Under the KORUS FTA, dairy product import-access barriers are reduced gradually as tariffs are reduced and TRQ quantities increase gradually . For skim milk powder, whole…