Under the terms imposed by the DOJ, the companies are not allowed to exchange information about manufacturing cost of goods or sales prices of their drugs, and the duration of the collaboration is limited to the current pandemic. Yet another approach is a government-led strategy in which government bodies define a time-critical national security need…

TEA models have been developed and are publicly available for a variety of plant-based bio-manufacturing facilities, including whole plant and plant cell bioreactor processes for production of mAbs , antiviral lectins , therapeutics , and antimicrobial peptides . These tools are particularly useful for the development of new processes because they can indicate which areas…

As noted by Duflo et al. , the rapid population growth has made Africa to be no longer viewed as a land-abundant region where food crop supply could be increased by expansion of land used in agriculture. Large areas in Africa are increasingly becoming marginal for agriculture and arable land has become scarce in many…

Degressivity was left to the member states as an option, with a very small level made mandatory . Moreover, member states could choose to garnish their total national envelope, as opposed to applying degressivity directly to their largest earnings, allowing them to reduce or entirely eliminate the loss to large farmers. Finally, greening measures were…

If he did not reform the income payment system, new member states would explode the budget beyond sustainability. If the CAP remained an obstacle for European services and manufacturing in trade negotiations, these external actors would force deep and unpleasant changes to CAP programs such that European agriculture no longer tied their hands. In other…

Beyond having smaller than proposed price cuts and a broader extension of compensation, beef and dairy producers benefited from an additional, hidden form compensation in that price cuts to cereals lowered their input costs related to animal feed. In addition, efforts to redirect additional compensation to small farmers and to reduce the payments of the…

The memory of starvation in Europe was still strong, and thus there was a powerful morally negative association attached to the destruction of food. Given these restrictions, the surpluses were disposed of in three main ways. One was to sell the products back to farmers at low prices. This option was primarily utilized with those…

The base tariff of 27% on beef offal is scheduled to phase out in fifteen years and the base tariff of 1% on hides and skins will be eliminated immediately.Under the KORUS FTA, dairy product import-access barriers are reduced gradually as tariffs are reduced and TRQ quantities increase gradually . For skim milk powder, whole…

The transgene was designed with a premature stop codon in the PRSV coat protein sequence to prevent expression of a functional coat protein because, at the time of engineering, it was thought that the protein itself was an important factor in resistance. RNA analysis later revealed that the plants with the best resistance exhibited the…

The temporal context for this analysis is a dramatic increase in the publication rate of original research articles within the journal World Development, against which several other trends stand out . First, there has been a decrease in the reliance on the term “development” to discuss the associated issues, with the per cent of articles…