Monocytes possess constitutively active caspase-1 and thus can release IL-1b if the expression of pro-IL-1b is induced by the activation of TLRs . Thus, saturated FAs in plasma FFAs may be sufficient to induce inflammasome mediated IL-1b release, a hallmark of monocyte activation. Activated monocytes transmigrate into peripheral tissues and are differentiated into macrophages that generate…

The COSMOS trial demonstrated that the daily intake of monomeric and polymeric flavanols from cocoa in older adults reduces risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although the COSMOS study utilized a flavanol supplement compared to a whole food, it is a case study to support the need for larger trials with clinical outcomes based on the…

Significant increases in sphinganine in CONT may reflect increasesd de novo synthesis driven in part by a higher rate of lipolysis following exercise. Exercise increases lipolysis but given obesity related decreases in muscle fatty acid oxidation, a rise in free palmitate following exercise may, in the short-term, favor increased ceramide synthesis. The observed rise in ceramides in…

Flies were individually disrupted using a 3-mm diameter steel bead in a TissueLyser for 30 s at 30 Hz in 100 lL of 2 mg/mL Proteinase K in PK buffer before being spun down in a centrifuge for 1 min at 10,000 rpm and incubated for 2 h at 56 C. 100 lL of MagMAX DNA lysis buffer…

For growers facing highly saline groundwater, the recycled water can also serve as a higher quality water source, allowing for the production of more salt-sensitive crops and increasing yields. While recycled municipal water is a promising concept, and programs are starting to be implemented in water-stressed regions, there is little economic research on the impacts…

We see that inland regions tend to feature lower average TDS and the parcels within the DWZ seem to have lower salinity than coastal parcels without access to recycled water. Data on land use were compiled annually for the 2009 and the 2011-2020 growing seasons by PV Water using visual inspection. The district did not…

In order to compare environmental differences between all of the regions in this study, we illustrate degree-day accumulation for 2013 . When comparing differences between seasons, we found basic differences in accumulation for Salem and Pergine during 2012 and 2013. Of the three US locations, accumulation was initially the greatest in 2013 in Wilmington, followed…

The plantings were on land that could not be cropped with blueberry because of soil or topography limitations, so there was no opportunity cost of “lost” crop production. The perennial wildflower plantings, if properly managed, will likely provide this benefit for many years. Furthermore, such practices have the added benefit of supplying habitat for natural…

This reflects the fact that total temporal variance of ES is generally higher at higher richness sites. All composition-loss terms were positive and all composition-gain terms negative, such that in all cases, composition terms partially cancelled their corresponding richness terms. This means that both the lost and gained species tended to have below-average contributions to…

The high nitrogen content of the Atacama Desert sample reflects the high nitrate content of these surface soils while the South Bay sample showed elevated levels of TOC, 1.01 mg·N/g.The organic C/N ratios in the ancient gypsum and anhydrite samples ranged from 12 – 41, indicating that the major organic component present in these sulfates…