The Cholesky values of the constrained model are equal to indicating that the extended Slutsky matrix S of equation is negative semi-definite and satisfies the rank condition of theorem 1. Hence, the PITP hypothesis is not rejected also in version 2 of the model. We notice that, in this case, the value of the log-likelihood function obtained using…

A significant amount of liquidation occurs, in contrast, during the tax scenario, due largely to the high levels of real interest rates. Thus, while it would be expected that the higher grain prices of the subsidy scenario would hurt the livestock sector, this effect is more than offset by higher income and lower interest rates.…

The associations using the mediation model weakened and became non-significant, as hypothesized . Of the constructs of pesticide exposure, AChE activity accounted for most of the weakening of the association in the mediation model. Model 2 further adjusted for AChE and hemoglobin yielded an OR per SD decrease in time after the harvest of 1.83…

The results are presented in Table 2. Individuals with higher NEP scores were more likely to favor the ‘‘don’t build’’ option over the ‘‘build out’’ option, for both open space and agricultural land. Individuals living closer to farms were more likely to favor the ‘‘don’t build’’ option over building single-family homes on agricultural land, and…

Column 3a reports estimates of the previous coefficient α on the interacted variable for Equation 3. This equation also includes a triple interaction coefficient γ with female to determine the impact of drought on females. This coefficient γ is listed in column 3b. When we look at the female interaction that is added in column…

Plants have evolved diverse mechanisms to defend against fungal infections, as summarized in Fig. 1, with one important route utilizing the secretion of proteins to delay fungal infection or inhibit fungal growth. These plant anti-fungal proteins are promising candidates since they are biodegradable, generally nontoxic to humans and antagonistic microorganisms, and most importantly, have evolved…

These practices, which largely overlap with “conservation agriculture” practices, are alternatively referred to as “regenerative agricultural”, “climate-smart” or “carbon farming” practices. They include but are not limited to: no-till, cover cropping, precision nitrogen fertilizer management, biochar and compost application, enhanced mineral weathering, new crop rotations, agroforestry, controlled drainage and some edge-of-field practices . The urgency in…

The chapters that follow elaborate two case studies, each of which demonstrates how market integration in the second half of the nineteenth century caused traditional agricultural practice motivated by subsistence to be supplanted in certain zones of specialization by the new norm of profit-driven, commercial agriculture. This normative shift was made visible in the physical…

Even though commercial agriculture is not important in terms of the country’s GDP or foreign exchange earnings, and has little direct political power, the petro-nature of the state impedes transformation of agrarian relations. What emerges then, is a contradictory process that seeks to consolidate a mixed economy, where an agrarian reform sector coexists alongside a…

Rice yield rates are at doubling levels however only in the Cesar and Tolima departments of Colombia, and isolated municı´pios especially in the states of Para´, Maranha˜o, and Mato Grosso in Brazil and some areas of Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina. Decreasing rates of rice yield are found in northeastern Brazil. The overall impact of these subnational…