It is interesting that the low pH did not improve the stability of the anthocyanins, especially compared to a study of single strength elderberry juice cooked at 95 °C at pH 3.5, in which cyn 3-sam had a half-life of 1.87 ± 0.07 h while cyn 3-glu had a half-life of 1.96 ± 0.07 h,…

Unfortunately, that study did not include any growing information about the elder flowers or the concentration of the phenolic compounds in the extract, which would have helped other researchers replicate and expand on the results. While there have been promising studies on the impact of elderberry and elderflower extracts to combat illness and disease, more in…

The union of cooperatives involved in the PAR research also launched a community-based agro-ecotourism project to provide an alternative income stream. Both researchers found that the process of participatory action research involved a significant investment of time and energy in developing relationships with the farmers and staff of participating coffee cooperatives. PAR also broadened the…

The trays were then placed in an environmental chamber at 24°C, 50% RH, and long day light conditions . The trays were checked daily for 5 days noting the number of live and dead mites and any mites drowned in the wet felt. Mite mortality was recorded and assessed by lack of movement upon light…

The development of molecular techniques, PCR in particular, during the last three decades has provided a variety of rapid, simple, sensitive and reliable tools, e.g., PCR-based typing methods, which has revolutionized the genetic understandings in the biological sciences especially when only minimal amounts of template DNA were available . PCR-based DNA technologies such as species-specific…

Feline diet 5 contained salmon oil, but also contained salmon meat, and tested positive for salmon DNA as would be expected. If extrapolating from the finding that salmon DNA was not found in the diets containing salmon oil, it may be expected that the other diets containing fish sources of oil did not contain cod or…

Hardesty also found that buyers were willing to pay the highest premium for organic produce, but only 18% more for produce grown on a small- or mid-scale farm. Premiums for food with the criteria of sustainably grown, local, and grown on a farm paying living wage for farmworkers all averaged 24%. However, between one-fourth and one third…

The percentage of consumable to the overall PMI is less than 1% and was demonstrated as consumables in the breakdown shown in Figure 5.1. As the use of plant-based production routes are still considered an emerging technology, literature surrounding PMI values for plant bio-processing practices remain limited. Thus, for interpretation of this result, we compare our…

These commercial vines were inoculated early in the growing season, which has been shown to be most effective inoculation timing to result in chronic infection in Napa Valley . Therefore, the diseased plants that we observe under commercial growing conditions may represent a fraction of plants that are exposed to X. fastidiosa. Overwinter curing is still…

All taxa were coded based on plant host genus and super order/order . This included two super orders , one order and 26 genera that were potential hosts for X. fastidiosa’s hypothetical ancestors at each internal node of the phylogenies. The marginal ancestral state likelihood estimates of each host for all internal nodes of the ML…