For species-rich lineages, phylogenetic reconstructions from published studies were used to gather information on the character states of fruit type and growth habit inferred for ancestors of these lineages, as is typically included in this type of study . For the few radiating lineages for which phylogenetic information has not yet been generated, character states…

Using the fungal ortholog dataset of the Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs tool , we determined that our assemblies presented high completeness, with 88.2 and 90.3% of F. acuminatum and R. stolonifer matchesbeing complete, respectively. Our F. acuminatum transcriptome contained 20,117 unique transcripts, while our R. stolonifer transcriptome contained 19,754 . We then used homology-based annotation…

Beyond simply fruit or seed size, actual dimensions or shape can influence foraging decisions of endozoochorous and synzoochorous dispersers. For example, fruit diameter independent of length or overall mass is thought to be the most important metric of fruit size for frugivorous birds based on how fruits are swallowed . Acorn shape also influences preference…

In the Drosophila example however, the “platform” was spread over several hundred base pairs. In plants, a more comparable example might be the PcG binding site demonstrated in LEAFY COTYLEDONS2, where PcG proteins recognized an RLE motif that contained several cis-motifs in a region 50bp long. Interestingly, analysis of FERTILIZATION INDEPENDENT target sites found in A.…

However, even if reported in terms of the alternate bearing index or fruit biomass, the use of averaging and biological replicates would obscure the signal before dosage sensitive responses could be extracted from the data. In order to avoid this issue, the present study examined the effects of fruit load in A. thaliana. Although an annual…

Accelerated fruit deterioration due to CBF1 over expression may be advantageous for seed dispersal Ripening is an early stage in the continuous process leading to senescence , and it may include changes in fruit color, firmness, and flavor. PCI compromises the normal transition between chloroplast and chromoplast during ripening , even after transfer to warmer conditions…

An important goal of backyard orchard culture is to maintain relatively small trees to facilitate pruning, thinning, pest management, and harvesting. By heading the newly planted tree at knee height, about 18 to 24 inches , you force the tree to develop low branches. However, if access under the tree is important, head the tree higher,…

The 51 categories listed contained significant numbers of differentially expressed genes with a false discovery rate <0.27. For each functional category a colour between blue and red and the number of genes differentially regulated were assigned.Parthenocarpy is a desirable trait in many commercially grown fruit crops if undesirable changes to quality, flavour, or nutrition can be avoided. This…

The standard fumigated beds had generally low nitrate nitrogen. At all sampling periods, the ammonium nitrate was lower than the RABETS target value of 14 ppm . The RABETS target of 30 ppm available phosphorus was maintained in all of the media treatments at both sites .Anaerobic soil disinfestation , a non-chemical alternative to methyl bromide,…

Heat can be recovered indirectly from a fryer’s fat-laden exhaust gases via a heat exchange system and used for pre-heating air and water for use in other facility processes. Conditioning of the exhaust gas is required, however, to remove fats and to reduce fouling of the heat exchange system. McCain Foods, a global manufacturer of…