Spain’s agricultural employment declined at an average annual rate of 4 percent, slightly above the rate for Italy and France. The implication is that if Bulgaria is to follow the development path of these latter countries, then it should be reducing its farm labor force at an even faster rate. The success of such a…

Additional farm work experience, on the other hand, is expected to increase wages since experience raises productivity at least initially. We use data from the U. S. Department of Labor’s National Agricultural Workers Survey to estimate the effects of worker characteristics on work histories and the relationship between current agricultural wages and work histories. The probabilities…

For floral resource specialization, for each pollinator species in our data, we calculated the metric d 0 , which measures the deviation of the observed interaction frequency from a null model in which all partners interact in proportion to their abundances ; thus, it is not confounded with abundance as is linkage . It ranges…

Our analysis demonstrates that four core strategies can—in principle— meet future food production needs and environmental challenges if deployed simultaneously. Adding them together, they increase global food availability by 100–180%, meeting projected demands while lowering greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity losses, water use and water pollution. However, all four strategies are needed to meet our global…

They used MODFLOW and particle tracking to trace the recharged water and concluded that the GIS analysis alone did not necessarily identify the most suitable sites. Likewise, Rahman et al. recommended that mathematical modeling should be combined with MCDA techniques to select optimal MAR locations even if a wide variety of thematic layers are considered in the…

The MAKER predictions formed the basis of the first official gene set . To improve the structural and functional annotation of genes, these gene predictions were manually and collaboratively edited using the interactive curation software Apollo. For a given gene family, known insect genes were obtained from model species, especially T. castaneum and D. melanogaster, and the nucleotide…

After the release of the new Envision 2040 General Plan in 2011, the city moved quickly on changes to support urban agriculture. In January 2012, in an amendment to Title 20 of the San Jose Municipal Code, the Zoning Ordinance, a new ordinance was approved to allow Neighborhood Agriculture as a permitted use in residential…

The Williamson Act, also known as the 1965 California Land Conservation Act, allows local governments to assess rural lands at lower rates in exchange for ten year agreements to keep land in open space or agricultural land use. This legislation was based on the recognition that the property tax rates are one of many barriers…

As a political tool, food justice can help create alliances between the environmental justice and sustainable agriculture movements and open each movement’s frames of analysis to include institutional racism and power dynamics, cultural relevance to varying communities, and solution oriented approaches . Similar to how environmental justice activists have worked hard to bring critical engagement…

In the first wave of organized garden projects, social reformers and state institutions used gardening projects to support urban working populations in order to help maintain social cohesion, optimism, a good work ethic, and sustenance during an extended period of economic decline . During the economic depression of 1893-1897, Detroit Mayor Hazen Pingree initiated the…