In this case increasing temperature over decades was perceived by communities in all case study villages and this has been validated by empirical data on long term temperature trends by both Gwambene and Kaijage  sub humid and semi arid zones respectively. A snap short on communities’ perception with regard to temperature pattern at local level is shown in Figure 4. In general the majority of communities reported that temperature has increased over that last 20 years and this trend is increasing. A paper by  provides a detailed analysis on the implication of both increasing temperature and changing rainfall pattern on both crops and live- stock production. It is evident from the paper that crop pests and diseases have increased leading declining crop by nearly 40% over the last 20 years. Livestock production has also decreased and farmers by clearing woodlands and other LUC with understating that new land is fertile and can compensate loss incurred. In reality declining crop and livestock productivity could be associated with more than one factors and this calls for capacity building to farmers through research and training.

Reported by 80% of the respondents was declining soil fertility in most dry land areas and this has forced farmers to open new areas which are more fertile particularly in semi arid areas. In sub humid zones due land scarcity a tendency has been to expand wetland to take advantage of moisture and accumulated soil fertility and this allow multiple crops and vegetable to be grown and it has been considered to be an adaptation option rolling benches. Kiunsi and Meadow also observed a similar case when studying land management issues in Monduli, Tanzania. Cultivation of crops and rearing of domesticated animals,or in other words “Agriculture”, is the backbone of economies and survival in most of the developing countries.Globally agriculture provides livelihoods and jobs for about 40% of the population in the meantime . In Sub-Saharan Africa, according to OECD , agriculture accounts for 20% of the Gross Domestic Product and employs about 67% of the total labour force, on the average.Tanzanian agriculture, on the other hand, is the economic activity for the survival of about more than80% of the country population .Much of developing countries’ economic growth is still dependent on agriculture, the power of which comes from, according to de Janvry and Sadoulet , its potentially strong growth linkage effects on the rest of the economy, and from its direct poverty reduction effect.

Export agriculture in Tanzania, for example, is reported to generate 80% spin-off benefits in terms of demand for consumption of goods and services in the surrounding economy, hence employment or income generation opportunities, comparative to only 20% for urban light manufacturing.Therefore one of the most important necessities for pursuing urgent agricultural development is its power in poverty reduction. Generally, ebb and flow bench it has been established that economic growth originating from agriculture is at least three times as effective in reducing poverty as growth originating from the rest of the economy . It is for this reason that farming systems that are most efficient have to be sought. This choice can only be made when we are fully aware of gaps in our system that hamper development.

One problem that much of the less developed world must continually strive to end is a system-based long time state of conflict and often violence between two groups of the rural land users: farmers and pastoralists,who would in the contrary be prospering agricultural stakeholders because of secured land use choices. Actual practice of agriculture is exercised through farming systems. There are many definitions for the word “farming systems”. Perhaps best ones are: “Decision making and land use units consisting of farm households, cropping and livestock systems that produce crop and animal products for consumption and sale ”;“Units consisting of human groups and resources they manage in their environments, involving the direct production of plant and/or animal products ”; “Combinations of products and production factors applied by the farm households including all subsystems of land utilization of the products ”; “Populations of individual farm systems that have broadly similar resource bases,enterprise patterns, household livelihoods and constraints,and for which similar development strategies and interventions would be appropriate .