The challenges of theft, pests and diseases pose a threat to production and sustainability of the farming systems as lower incomes from farming can be expected as a result of low yields. This will negatively impact on farmers’ ability to finance farm operations. Land is a finite resource that cannot be increased indefinitely.Efforts to increase yields therefore need to target changes in land management, which should incorporate a range of considerations such as training, the incorporation of organic farming practices such as those suggested by Dassou et al., access to finance,the use of higher inputs and changed technologies.According to annual tree-crop income amongst smallholder farmers in the Vhembe district, although still very limited, constitutes the main agricultural income. In the few cases that there is additional income from non-tree crops, it is generated from a wide range of vegetable crops and contributes a very smalls hare of agricultural income. The same author asserts that non-tree crops,mostly vegetables, are primarily responsible for the agricultural income and are perceived to be a short-term strategy for income generation whilst waiting for tree-crops to reach maturity.

This serves as a sustainable farming practice that can facilitate sustainable farming systems for small-scale farmers.Macadamia nuts is the fastest growing tree crop industry in the country and their production is lucrative . South Africa is currently the largest producer and exporter of macadamia nuts in the world and the Limpopo Province is the third largest producer amongst the country’s nine Provinces. This explains the overall higher agricultural annual income amongst both small-scale and large-scale macadamia nut farmers recorded in the study.Results from the study reveal that income from HVCs facilitates the purchase of staple food products and provide a mechanism for meeting long term food security goals at both household and national levels. The study focuses on land out of the four drivers of production i.e. land, labour, capital and enterprise,flood table and highlights how aspects of the land resource drive the two farming systems in South Africa and the pathway of agricultural enterprise. Results have emphasized the importance of land as a driver of production for sustainable agriculture.There is great potential for ensuring a positive future for South African farming systems and consequently food security in the sustainable production of HVCs. According to Ba in order for African countries to commercialise their agricultural sectors sustainably there is need for farmers to adopt as table, productive agricultural resource base.

This requires a targeted investments in such as into the cultivation of HVCs amongst small-scale farmers which will prove highly beneficial. The agricultural system in Africa has always been predominantly subsistence,even with the introduction of many technological packages to revolution arise this sector during colonial rule . After the independence of many African states, a lot has been done to transform agriculture from a subsistence activity to an industrialised one with little or no success—as the African green revolution failed.The Structural Adjustment Policies were initiated in the 1980’s when the economies of many African countries took the turn for the worst. Countries who took up SAP were expected to withdraw government subsidies, reduce state expenditure on social services on housing, health and education, privatise state enterprises and create an enabling environment for foreign investments. According to critics, the SAP did not achieve its goal but worsened the economies of most of the countries which adopted it. Fatton argued that SAP was a hindrance rather than a form of assistance as “global capitalist” economies exploited and directed African states for example they provided loans and dictated the conditions for repayment. Thus the “inevitable” implementation of SAP was only true insofar as “resistance was not a viable option” .In Ghana, even though, gross national investment and industrial capacity of the country increased, a majority of Ghanaians remained poor as the country incurred more debts than it could pay. Regional inequality was never addressed ,and the poverty situation worsened.