The third noticeable factor is the size of farm. The last century witnessed the significant land consolidation in the US agriculture. “Be large, or be out” is almost a common knowledge to all farmers. The high percentage of capital and land was under control of large farms makes the conversion to organic farming a predicament process. Increasing the organic production may hinge on the slowdown of the farmland consolidation, which may need government to steer some subside programs partially away from just a few large staple crops.In the end, another factor, which should not be ignored, is the demand paradox along the organic food supply chain. While substantial evidence pointed to a great aggregate organic market, organic farmers did that way. Having reliable buyers is still a great concern for many small farmers. It demonstrated that access to farmers markets is vital, but not enough. Going through alternative marketing channels, such as the big box chain and food hubs is an inevitable step to ensure a stable gain in the conversion to organic farming.

More studies on the way of channeling organic products to the big markets are merited in order to help producers go organic and make a living. Due to the high rates of productivity, the Brazilian poultry industry stands out in the world economic scenario. This result came through studies in the areas of health, nutrition, genetic improvement, environment and animal welfare. Among the main causes of growth and consolidation in the poultry sector, the use of growth-promoting antibiotics in feed intended for poultry feed stands out. Antibiotics were used in animal diets in the United States and other countries for more than 50 years and, dutch buckets system in the absence of the disease challenge, they acted as growth promoters, improving poultry performance. However, with growing concern about the potential development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics,the European Commission, by the precautionary principle, decided to restrict and finally ban the inclusion of PCA in animal feed . With the banning of these drugs, the chicken meat production companies had to adapt, improving management and biosecurity practices, genetic selection, environmental control of facilities and changes in the composition of the diet and in the poultry feeding program . In order to reduce losses in productivity, alternative additives such as exogenous enzymes, prebiotics,probiotics, synbiotics, organic acids and phytogenic compounds are constantly being studied in order to determine to what extent they can or cannot be used,and under what conditions they are viable.

In view of the above, the aim of this study was to carry out a review on the use of turmeric in poultry farming.Classified as a seasoning plant, turmericis a monocotilêdonea belonging to the Zingiberaceae family, popularly known in Brazil as saffron, safflower, turmeric, Indian saffron, yellow potato, golden ginger and mangrove . It is a perennial shrub, native to South and South-West Asia and extensively cultivated in India, as well as in China, Japan, Burma, Indonesia, and the African continent . The intestinal mucosa is continuously growing and is affected not only by metabolic hormones, but also by other food-related factors, such as physical and chemical characteristics of nutrients and intestinal microbiot. In a study carried out to determine the effect of the herb mixture ,observed greater depth of crypts in birds that received the herb mixture composed of turmeric powder and fenugreek compared to birds that did not receive, indicating through the crypt depth the body’s attempt to recover the villus structure. Studies with broilers have revealed that a lower vilo: crypt ratio may indicate the presence of destroyed villi and increased cell proliferation in crypts, resulting from attempts to restore damaged intestinal epithelium,in the occurrence of microbiological challenges in the intestine .However, according to , about 62%maize produced in developing countries is cultivated manually. In Uganda,about 90% of the maize produced is cultivated manually on small-scale farms with limited access to appropriate technology ; these farms constitute close to86% of the country’s farming households . Reference projected that demand for maize will increase by 4% 8% per annum over the next two decades as a result of increased population.