All three treatment levels successfully inactivated all L. monocytogenes regardless of the inoculation levels, while 300 ppm was needed for inactivation of all Salmonella Thompson cells. When E. coli O157:H7 was inoculated at the high level, 300 ppm-h treatment did not inactivate all E. coli O157:H7. Results from Carter et al. showed that the sulfur treatment efficacy…

Four replicates composed of 12 fruits from three separate trees, which were from the same fruits used for physiological measurements, were frozez. Frozen tissues were ground into a fine powder with the Retsch Mixer Mill MM 400 . RNA extractions were performed on samplings from 865-2564 GDD for hull tissues, 865-2139 GDD for shell tissues,…

Genomic selection , first introduced by Meuwissen et al. , has been adopted by alfalfa breeding programs in recent years for improvement of a variety of complex traits . By enabling breeders to perform marker-only selection, a cycle of selection could be completed in less than a year, addressing one of the biggest impediments to…

HLB upregulation was observed for IRE1a , a gene closely involved in the UPR in plants. This gene expression change suggests that UPR may be activated in the infected fruit. Plants employ a network of intertwined mechanisms to counter infection by pathogens and parasites. One line of defense is based on dominant disease resistance genes encoding…

This problem is considered from several perspectives that are described over three chapters. Chapter one concerns seed packaging and addresses three topics: What are the differences in fruit packaging traits such as within-fruit seed distribution, fruit shape, and fruit wall strength? Are there differences in the type and quantity of damage inflicted by the granivore on the fruits? Is…

In A. squamosa, for example, the beginning of fowering of adult plants, originated from seeds, under specific cultivation conditions, would take at least three years until the characterization of the fruits, limiting the number of genotypes that can be studied, which makes the breeding process slow and expensive. The PCR assay using a combination of the primers…

Additionally, many free‐ending veins were observed in bip0663 and ‘Lukullus’ leaves , which can promote sugar export . Leaf veins, similar to leaf shapes, also have a remarkable diversity in architecture within and across species. Numerous studies on mutant phenotypes have shown auxin signaling networks play an important role in patterning leaf vasculature . Polar…

Seventeen of these modules had significant Gene Ontology enrichment with each module consisting of transcript abundance pat- terns either predominately regulated by cis- or trans- eQTL . To determine which IL’s are important for module regulation, the median transcript abundance value of module genes for each IL was calculated and used to identify IL’s with significantly altered…

Exploitation of different food resources during periods of resource scarcity, as well differences in foraging heights, may allow these closely related primates to live in sympatry. Tutin and Fenandez compared the diets of sympatric chimpanzees and gorillas at Lope, Gabon and found a high degree of dietary overlap, particularly for fruits. Importantly, they found that…

Total lipid content in the seeds was 18.1–21.5% and 0.2–0.3% in the non-seed fraction. Punicic acid was the predominant fatty acid in the seed lipids and linoleic acid was the major fatty acid in the non-seed fraction. All the varieties had the same saturated/unsaturated fatty acids ratio of 0.1 for the seeds and 0.5 for…