Foley & Larner found that this was a large decline from the previous year when more than 30 percent of patents were granted to individual inventors. The authors speculated this was due to the 2008 economic crash negatively affecting individual’s research resources beyond corporations . Corporate entities also hold the highest shares of patents in…

Regional scientists, engineers, and inventors continue the search for technological solutions, and entrepreneurs have developed numerous new products to help solve our water needs. These legal and cultural institutions, and actors—and, of course, the firms that build the infrastructure and supply technologies—make up the functional components of regional water industries. Although this thesis is primarily…

The European Union’s goal is to become the “most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world” . This phenomenon is not unique to the developed world: Brazil recently announced plans to send 100,000 students to study abroad every year explicitly to accelerate the development of an innovation economy . Recent scholarship has found that…

Gouia et al. reported that high salt stress results in slower growth and even death of seeding cotton, lower dry matter accumulation, less roots, softer and darker leaves, shorter period of blooming, and even death of seedling cotton. Ashraf showed that under high salt stress, the growth rate of cotton was significantly reduced with less fruiting branches. The…

After inoculating the bacteria by toothpick onto large filter paper strips on an agar plate, we could observe the distance the bacteria were able to travel by removing the paper at chosen times and allowing the growth of the bacteria that had penetrated through the paper. While a ∆syfA mutant strain progressed at a rate of…

While some of the other methods are more sensitive and quantifiable than the drop-collapse method, none of them are practical for high-throughput screening. Unfortunately, even the drop-collapse assay involves a number of steps, including growing each strain in broth culture and testing the supernatant for its ability to collapse a water drop on a hydrophobic…

SLs are synthesized via a sequential cleavage of alltrans-β-carotene by DWARF27 and the resulting 9-cis-β-carotene by MORE AXILLARY GROWTH3 and 4. The SL precursor carlactone is then transported through the xylem and biologically active SLs are formed by MAX1 and its homologs and LATERAL BRANCHING OXIDOREDUCTASE. Cumulative evidence supports the idea that the DWARF14 α/β-fold hydrolase functions as a SL…

Trees were inoculated in July 2016 and October 2016. P. citrophthora-colonized vermiculite-oat seed inoculum was prepared as described by Matheron and Mircetich with minor modifications. In brief, a volume ratio of 2:4:3 of oat seeds, vermiculite, and 10% regular V8 broth was mixed, 600 ml of the mixture was filled into 1-liter plastic containers, and containers were autoclaved…

Silver keeps track of all changes in the log, enabling users to go back to any point in time for almost free. It is built to be truly append-only and never overwrites data. While other append only file systems exist, especially in the realm of optical media, Silver combines Corfu with Replex, a unique replication protocol which…

If such a value exists, the client walks down the chain to find the first unwritten replica, and then ‘completes’ the append by copying over the value to the remaining unwritten replicas in chain order. Alternatively, if the first unit of the chain is unwritten, the client writes the junk value to all the replicas in chain…