The water had a salinity of 3.5 psu and the temperature during measurements was either 24 or 27◦C, which was taken into account for calibration. We used Clark-type oxygen microsensors , and calibrated before and after measurements in air-saturated and anaerobic 3.5% NaCl. The micro-profiling apparatus and software Sensor Trace Suite was also provided from Unisense. Starting…

The visible symptoms of bunchstem necrosis begin as small black spots on pedicels , and progress to the lateral stem structure and rachis . Usually, necrosis symptoms are not noted until the rachis is affected. Bunchstem necrosis may affect an entire cluster as well as the wings and tips of otherwise healthy clusters . It…

Phloem anatomy is influenced by both the climate that plants have adapted to and the climate plants experience during the growing season . This suggests that more work is needed to evaluate how plastic responses to interannual or geographic variability to climate influence cultivar differences in phloem anatomy and sugar transport capacity. In Arabidopsis, the…

In contrast the acquisition of novel alleles is analogous to the effect of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes: it increases the genetic variance that natural selection can act on but does not, in itself, result in a qualitative change in the ecology of the recipient . Due to these fundamental differences, we favor reserving the term…

To 630 µL of supernatant, 57 µL deuterium oxide and 6 µL of the internal standard solution of 4,4-dimethyl-4-silapentane-1-sulfonic acid-d6were added. Deuterated acetic acid-d4or ammonium deuteroxide-d4dissolved in D2O were used for pH adjustment to 3.5 ± 0.1. After centrifugation , 620 µL of sample was introduced into a 5 mm NMR tube and the 1H NMR…

People often choose what information they want to gather. This kind of learning is known as active learning, and has been the subject of intense study in recent years in several fields. Although there are many questions to ask about active learning, perhaps the most pressing question about active learning is this: how and why…

To compare predicted scores with the ground truth data, F1 scores were calculated. F1 scores, the harmonic mean of precision and recall, were calculated using the set of tokens from the ASA24 description and the predicted set based on each food photo. True positives were counted as tokens correctly predicted by the algorithm , false negatives…

IHH is a clinically important exposure because it markedly promotes atherosclerotic lesions in the pulmonary arteries and aorta in not only Ldlr-/- mice but also ApoE knockout mice, another widely-used atherosclerosis model , thereby mimicking the adverse cardiovascular changes that occur in OSA patients . In Ldlr-/- mice, wereported significant shifts in the bacterial and chemical…

Although hypothesis-driven science has immense value, it depends to a considerable degree on a framework of maps, tools, and standards whose development often does not fit meaningfully into a hypothesis-driven framework and is therefore heavily criticized in settings such as grant review panels. However, without these types of development, hypotheses more explicit than “differences in…

Talekar et al., experimented with extraction with magnetic nanocatalyst of FeSO4 7H2O and FeCl3 6H2O solutions, which yielded 64.2–66.5 mg/g PU . It was lower than their previous research using cellulase . However, the nanocatalysts are recyclable and could reduce the cost of cellulase. Supercritical fluid extraction is another extraction method with increasing popularity. It utilizes supercritical fluid, such…