Hardesty also found that buyers were willing to pay the highest premium for organic produce, but only 18% more for produce grown on a small- or mid-scale farm. Premiums for food with the criteria of sustainably grown, local, and grown on a farm paying living wage for farmworkers all averaged 24%. However, between one-fourth and one third…

The percentage of consumable to the overall PMI is less than 1% and was demonstrated as consumables in the breakdown shown in Figure 5.1. As the use of plant-based production routes are still considered an emerging technology, literature surrounding PMI values for plant bio-processing practices remain limited. Thus, for interpretation of this result, we compare our…

These commercial vines were inoculated early in the growing season, which has been shown to be most effective inoculation timing to result in chronic infection in Napa Valley . Therefore, the diseased plants that we observe under commercial growing conditions may represent a fraction of plants that are exposed to X. fastidiosa. Overwinter curing is still…

All taxa were coded based on plant host genus and super order/order . This included two super orders , one order and 26 genera that were potential hosts for X. fastidiosa’s hypothetical ancestors at each internal node of the phylogenies. The marginal ancestral state likelihood estimates of each host for all internal nodes of the ML…

Additionally, a few recent studies have shown that pesticide application can have negative impacts on native bee species abundance and richness , and declines occur at both local and landscape scales and are more likely to occur after multiple applications . However, very little is currently known about the complexities of pesticide impacts on wild…

Starch, or the proportion of the amylose fraction of starch, is used as a common ripening biomarker for apple, banana, and pear. This marker relies on the ability of amylose to physically interact with iodide to form a triiodide blue-black complex. Starch can also influence the quality of fruit juice. Although starch is degraded to…

Due to soil water fractionation resulting in deviation from the local meteoric water line, the data are not well represented in an ellipsoid shape such as that employed in Amin et al. . Therefore a minimum polygon area was used to encompass the data points.Plant water and soil water data from the five sites are…

Furthermore, in vitro experiments showed that flavonoid aglycones displayed better anticancer potency than their homologous glycosides. On the other hand, there are reports showing that glycosylation enhances the bioactivity of flavonoids, which may be attributed to the facilitated transmembrane delivery driven by glycoside binding to glucose transporters on the cell membrane. Zou et al. proved that…

The theoretical distribution of the DNA standard shows that the Pseudomonas OTU was expected to have the lowest 16S relative abundance while the Bacillus OTU was expected to be the highest. The experimental results of sequencing, shown in the first 2 bars of Figure 47c, reflected the theoretical distribution in a few important aspects: the Pseudomonas…

The inverse of this measure is frequently used because it has the more intuitive interpretation that higher numerical values means higher diversity. Mathematically, in-verse Simpson’s index is always greater than 0 and increases with increasing diversity. The third measure, “observed”, is simply the number of OTUs in a sample. Figure 9 depicts the correlation between…