Since the translation of public signs is assigned responsibility to convey accurate and clear information to the recipients, the translators need to consider and respect foreign tourists’ culture, psychology and express habit to facilitate the understanding of translation. 4) Strengthening the cooperation between universities and scenic spots In academia, the translation of public signs has become a hot topic for a long time. Scholars and relevant administration departments at different levels have made great achievements. Several guidelines and standards of public signs translation have been issued. However, flaws still exist in the translation of public signs at most scenic areas. One of the reasons is that the functional or relevant administration departments of governments and scenic area didn’t pay enough attention to the implementation of the guidelines or standards. Quality inspection and evaluation system have not yet been established by the functional department of governments at all levels. For the scenic areas, no full time department takes the responsibility for the implementation of the guidelines, and among their employees there is rare talent with high English level, which hinders the process of standardization and normalization of the public signs translation. Most research work is conducting by the universities where qualified talents with high translation level assembly. If the functional department of the government can contribute to cooperation between universities and scenic areas and apply the research achievements in the management of public signs, it will accelerate the process of standardization and normalization of the translation of public signs, improve the images of scenic areas and city, and contribute to the local economy development. European chestnut , is one of the most important multipurpose broad leaf species in Western Europe and the Mediterranean. The species is widely cultivated for its valuable timber and edible starchy fruits, while it is also used for landscape architecture. In rural areas, potted blueberries chestnut cultivation constitutes an integral part of the economies .

However, the species is considered threatened since it is under direct pressure from a number of environmental and anthropogenic risks. The combination of a higher demand for wood and chestnuts and increased threats, make the selection and conservation of superior genotypes highly impotent. Superior phenotypes can be selected as plus-trees in forest stands and their potential genetic superiority can be established in progeny trials . Response to selection may be predicted on the basis of biostatistical models provided appropriate statistical and genetic parameters are determined from field experimentation . This approach permits the prediction of the effectiveness of a wide range of various methods of selection, based on different selection criteria. Of particular interest is the “combined family and progeny within family” selection. This method results in a higher genetic gain especially for low heritability traits  which may not be amenable to QTL mapping and MAS selection. Growth traits are often evaluated in breeding programs, since they are important components of plant vigour and biomass production, directly related to wood economic value . In order to study growth traits in C. sativa, a provenance-progeny trial was established in Taxiarchis, Greece based on provenance material that originated from six populations of contrasting environmental conditions across Europe. This trial is part of a network of six similar trials that have been established in Greece, Italy and Spain and involve reciprocal transplantations of provenances. Considerable family variation was already detected at the plant juvenile stage and at the first years after plantation establishment . In addition genetic parameters of growth traits using different models were estimated in another study . Results indicated that genetic improvement is possible through selection of superior genotypes. The aim of this paper is to use estimates of genetic parameters in order to predict effective selection strategies among open-pollinated families.Genetic material originated from six natural contrasting European chestnut  populations of Greece, Italy and Spain.Collectively the progenies of one parent are referred to as a family. Since the mother was known but the pollen contribution was from a number of trees and given the fact that self-fertilisation in chestnut is limited to non-existent , the progenies are considered half-sibs to each other. Seeds were collected in autumn, sown during the winter 2001, nursery bred during 2001 in Lourizan  and planted at six sites of chestnut breeding zone in March-April 2002.

The test site in Greece is located at the University Forest of Taxiarchis-Chalkidiki with altitude 760 m, longitude 23˚18’12″W and latitude 40˚44’35″E. The plantation consisted of 143 open pollinated families in a completely randomized block of 20 replications with single-tree plot and 3 × 3 meters spacing.Estimated genetic gain at 10% selection intensity among families ranged from 14% – 31% for diameter, 15.1% – 35% for height, 41.8% – 87% for volume index and 22.6% – 51% for the number of leaves among the different selection methods in the joint Model. Among the traits studied, the genetic gain for volume index was the highest . Hence, family variance has specifically influenced the analysis of genetic gain in the Models employed. Furthermore, the high heritability values that were estimated also contributed to high genetic gains. Concerning the predicted genetic gain , it was highest at age six for all traits. This result shows that combined selection resulted in a higher genetic gain than other methods of selection. Selecting 10% of the best individuals from the best families can lead to an increase in values of diameter by 0.02% – 24%, of height by 0.98% – 34.6%, of volume index by 5.2% – 57.9% and of the number of leaves by 0.0% – 38.8% among the ages of measurement. No consistent trends were observed among all traits with regards to age. In fact, similar trends were noticed between genetic gain values and heritability with increasing age among most traits. Evidently the changes in heritability with age had a corresponding impact on the estimate of genetic gain.To aid genetic improvement it is important that superior genotypes are selected, fingerprinted and conserved for future use. Family variation in the provenance-progeny trial of Taxiarchis, Greece indicated that potential genetic improvement is possible through artificial selection. This study evaluated growth trait genetic parameters as an aid for the selection of an optimal breeding strategy for chestnut. The analysis of variance of all variables showed that the factor of provenance to be highly significant. In other provenance-progeny tests of broad leaved species, significant differences attributed to provenance  are generally found. For instance, significant differences between Q. robur provenances were found in growth characteristics .

Variation among families was significant for all traits in Model I, while the analysis of variance per year revealed that family effects were significant at age six, increasing with age. Other pertinent studies in Castanea sativa also recorded significant differences among families . Strong significant family effects were also encountered for height growth at the juvenile stage of another Fagaceae species, Quercus robur, in a study of open-pollination families in Lithuania . Similar family variation was also observed among Betula pendula progenies  and among B. pendula seed sources from Northern Britain for height growth . Furthermore, congruent results were reported in Fraxinus excelsior where the differences in mean height at age five were found to be statistically significant . Similar results were reported for Prunus avium mean tree height variation among progenies as well . Besides angiosperms, significant family variation for growth was extensively reported in conifers, for example in Picea abies , and Pinus contorta spp. latifolia . The age × provenance and age × family interactions were not significant for all the variables measured. The absence of significant interaction variation at the experimental test site for all traits indicated a high correspondence in the different variables with age. This is the first time that such analysis has included age as source of variation in Castanea sativa. Similarly, family × year interactions were not significant for all traits measured in a complete diallel performed by crossing Norway spruce grafts of high altitude parents at a low elevation site . On the contrary Douglas-fir provenance test showed a significant provenance × age interaction in early selection parameters . In this Model I, the data were combined over the three years ofmeasurement to test the effect of the interaction terms among sources of variation. Age × family interactions was statistically not significant indicating high stability across years for all the variables. Based on these results, early selection among families from the test site may be effective. Making selection at early ages is a common practice with the aim of shortening breeding cycles in advanced generation tree improvement programs. Besides accelerating breeding progress, selection at early ages may also offer other advantages such as smaller genetic tests, easier measurement, greater adaptability to changing demands, and quicker delivery of genetic gain to the production population .

The CVA for all growth traits followed an increasing trend with age in the C. sativa trial studied. The CVA for height was comparable to that of Pliura & Eriksson, . However, it was higher compared to the CVA estimates reported by Lauteri et al.,  for C. sativa and higher than height CVA estimates reported for other broadleaves species . Family heritability can be high among years and models, while heritability values changed in an irregular way from age four to age six. Family heritability is usually high because it is based on averages estimated with a sample of many progenies. The effects of environmental factors within a test are thus averaged out for the family mean . Heritability estimates were calculated assuming the open-pollinated progenies studied were half-sibs. Any remote possibilities of consanguineous mating, or full-sib mating, might influence heritability estimates. Lauteri et al.,  also studied C. sativa heritability on different individuals of the same open pollinated families , however using fewer families than this study. They reported higher heritability estimates than the present study. They noted however that only the family and family × treatment components were used in their analysis of variance and the few factors among which total variance was distributed in conjunction to juvenile stage of the plant material  and the quite uniform environmental conditions  may have led to the higher heritability estimates. Pliura & Eriksson, square plastic pot also carried out studies on the same open pollinated families. They also estimated higher heritability values than the present study regarding carbon isotope discrimination and height. They attributed their high heritability estimates to the reason explained above which likely resulted in a low environmental variance. Discrepancies in heritability estimates are not unusual and could be attributed to the experimental design, size and composition of the population under study, as well as to the method of data collection .

Heritability values that are derived from a single test site as in this report tend to be overestimated . Nevertheless, the estimated heritability values obtained in this study do indicate that the growth traits evaluated are at least moderately heritable. Therefore, they provide evidence that artificial selection may be effective for the improvement of these traits. Heritability estimates showed changes over time which can be attributed to the changes in the external environment with age and to changes in genetic control through gene × environment interaction . However, no particular trend could be determined in this present study, potentially due to the relatively short measurement period. Elevated heritability values for diameter and height with age were found in Douglas-fir, but at a more advance age of measurement than in this present study . The estimated genetic gain from a 10% selection intensity among families ranged from a low of 12%  to 73%  among the different selection methods with combined selection having the highest gain. Among the traits studied, the genetic gain for volume index was the highest. Similar results were noticed in the analysis of Tchatchoua & Aravanopoulos,  using models with interaction terms. Hence, family variance has specifically influenced the analysis of genetic gain. Genetic gain estimates for height are comparable to those of Savill et al., , who estimated a genetic gain of 16% from selecting the best 15% of families obtained at six years from four ash  progeny tests. Rink,  predicted genetic gain for height to be up to 25% using family selection strategies in black walnut .