A companion experiment documented the response of native and invasive genotypes to experimental grazing and found that NC genotypes produced the greatest biomass and FR genotypes produced the least. Brodersen et al. 2008 showed that FR genotypes have higher photosynthetic rates but slower growth rates in a common greenhouse study suggesting that increased carbon gained through photosynthesis is being allocated to defense. Introduction history can have a large influence on the subsequent success of an introduced species. Phalaris has been used as a forage crop in wet pastures for over 50 years in Vermont but in North Carolina it has been primarily introduced in conservation mix for ditch stabilization . We therefore expected that the genotypes used for feed to have greater growth rates and greater ability to recover following grazing. Surprisingly, we find that NC genotypes have higher growth rates following grazing than genotypes from VT or the native range. However, the superior performance of the NC genotypes may be somewhat arbitrary and not related to their invasive status. Our results have implications for the continued spread of invasive plant species. Firstly, if invasive plant species have wider climatic tolerances then native species than invasive species may spread at the expense of native ones. In our study, only the NC genotypes had greater climatic tolerances as evidence by their relatively high survival in both gardens as compared to the VT genotypes. Secondly, although biological control can be an important component to controlling invasive plant species, our results show that some invasive genotypes may be able to compensate with higher growth rates in the face of even extreme grazing pressure and may be able to maintain their fitness in the field even when preferentially preyed upon. Thirdly, an important conclusion of this research is the wide range of responses from presumably invasive genotypes when planted into field settings. Thus, studies that look for traits associated with invasiveness may find them in “ideal” settings but these same traits may not be expressed under more stressful field conditions. Finally, our study emphasizes that not all introduced populations are equally invasive and that it is important to examine multiple populations of introduced genotypes before drawing conclusions about whether invasive individuals outperform native ones. Therefore, any conclusions about invasive behavior must be experimentally verified and tested in a range of habitats and for multiple populations.

In today’s world, people are encountered with environmental pollution coming from different dimensions including a visual pollution in cities as far more and deeper wounds on the face has the impact on the urban areas the outcome of the citizens and its outcome is the misidentify of the ravages of unbridled cities. And because the rigorous study has not been done to evaluate the effect of visual pollution,hydroponic gutter it is thought to have less consequence than other contaminants. Plenty of space-spirited, cold and lifeless are in our cities that can be seen that do not induce any meaning, concept and performance far from any beauty and utility, as in the evaluation of The Economist in Stock in lively 2012, Tehran as the Iranian capital is not in a particularly good position. There is so wrong in defining the structure of urban and public spaces that visual chaos has become a common problem in urban areas and citizens are going there solely because of their daily essential needs in these areas are now thought to be the part of urban life. And “visual comfort, improve the quality of environment, beautification and urban vitality, joy and satisfaction of citizens” comes as the missing link between citizens and urban spaces and often little attention is paid to planning and urban design as one of the important objectives and strategies to be considered.Many experts have dealt with explaining the promotion of the beauty, vitality, quality of urban space and subject matter. Jicobs in “The Death and Life of America’s great cities”, expresses the standards creating diversity and attractiveness contribute to the vitality of the urban environment with emphasis on the social aspect of streets, sidewalks, and parks. Lynch “theory of the City”, in a large-scale study of urban vitality believed that vibrancy along with the meaning, relevance, access, control and discretion, efficiency and justice are functional axes forming a good city. Cullen in “The Selection landscape”, with investigating the effects of aesthetic and sensory experience of urban space and visual appeal , has considered thee heterogeneity  in the visual appearance of the floor, walls and street art of visual and believes that structural integrity  to set the location of the city and social investment and a sense of ownership of the space are the living standard of urban space and understanding the vitality. Dandis in “visual literacy principles”, has dealt with to expressing the effects of graphics and urban art and aesthetics, contrast, harmony and balance in urban on space and the citizens understand the meaning and message of visual . Carmona in “public places and spaces”, has investigated visual, aesthetic, cognitive, social, functional aspects of designing a public place. BA, Ashihara in “aesthetic landscape”, emphasizing the place and the people in the urban landscape and has examined the scope of architectural space, composition, landscape, painting memorable spaces and aesthetic elements urban landscape.Dr. Golkar assumes the vitality is equal to “Livability and liveliness” that it depends on the achievement of desirable qualities such as urban design, legibility, color belonging, inclusion, flexibility, visual character, learners, the quality of public areas, together with the nature, sense time, energy, climatic comfort, permeability and movement, sensory richness, safety and security, user mix and form efficiency and environmental cleanliness, along with vitality, “the overall quality of urban design”.

According to the definitions, quality, activity and vitality of a “lively urban space” include “the place where significant presence of people and their diversity  in a wide range time  that their activities are mainly in the form of social choice and has two procedures. A procedure is dependent on insight and understanding of their culture and the other is related to the quality, beauty and architecture of the urban spaces that are interrelated”.For selecting of the problematic area having highest visual pollution, yet the beauty, charm, and vitality readability in low levels in those spaces is evident, after determining the coordinates of 425 points  and scoring intensity maps Statistics Center pollution, over 1700 information code was determined and completed based on the output map GIS most polluted urban environment Maraqeh, accordingly street in the city center, adjacent to New Street Nasir heaven and jam, as well as urban areas with very specific visual pollution Maraqeh is located in the historical context—which often is the destruction, are, in spite of centers and commercial activity, a great deal of visual disturbances in the body, improper walking floor spaces with fences, extensions, open canals, unbridled urban advertising, poor lighting, lack of lighting, street furniture ugly and inefficient, lack of color balance found dead. In summary, an urban environment cool and the lack of appropriate space can be seen that the majority of citizens spend their time due to their essential needs .Quality and vitality has a meaning beyond urban areas that can be investigated at different levels such as environmental quality, sustainability, public welfare, visual, compliance, compatibility, performance, justice, security, inclusion. Based on the findings, vitality can be divided into two levels of macro and micro: the macro level consists of spatial, cultural, economic, aesthetic, social and micro level consists of visual comfort, space and component non-physical  that their subsets of these factors are discussed also in place. For example, cosmetic components include indicators of urban art and visual delight and itself includes a subset of satisfaction, attractiveness and vitality. Charming spaces, beautiful and lively spaces are those that will attract and satisfy a wide range of subjects  according the diversity of visual and calm environment, which requires the attention to human and the needs of users  in the creating high quality public spaces. To designing the proposed model, urban art, urban design human-centered and component visual comfort  were considered as a first priority of beauty, vitality, attractiveness and vitality of urban public spaces which leads to the identity, improve the quality of urban environment, and beauty and attractiveness of these spaces which in turn will lead to citizen satisfaction and it is necessary to consider the improving the quality of aesthetic and identity-oriented space with a focus on urban art to be considered as factors affecting the vitality and linked with urban spaces.

Tea  is grown on different land elevation which is the oldest and best beverage in the world next to water. Tea is to be considered as the most popular and cheapest temperate drink in the world. Tea is an intensively managed perennial monoculture crop cultivated on large- and small-scale plantations situated between 21˚3’N and 26˚15’N latitude and between 89˚0’E and 92˚41’E longitude. Tea cultivation in Bangladesh developed concurrently with the northeast Indian tea during early part of the 19th century. Bangladesh tea grows in the three fairly divergent ecological zones, namely Surma valley in greater Sylhet, Halda valley in Chittagong and Karatoa valley in Panchagarh district. The tea industry of Bangladesh dates back to 1857. Now tea is an agro-based labor-intensive industry of Bangladesh. It plays an important role in the national economy through trade balancing and employment generation. At present, there are 166 tea estates in Bangladesh. On an average, Bangladesh produces 63 million kilograms tea annually. Today Bangladesh tea is occupying about 3% plantation area of world tea, producing as much as 2% of tea production in the world. It occupies the 9th position, out of 40 countries, in tea horizon as regards the plantation size and production-level, while the 8th position regarding per unit production. Modern scientific technology encourages the use of chemical pesticides, herbicides, fungicides and chemical fertilizers for the high crops production. It creates the whole agriculture production chemicalization environment and soil become unhealthy all biodiversity and ecosystem have been sick and whole ecology becomes chemicalized. Whereas organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soil ecosystems, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. Organic tea Farming promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles, soil biological activity through management practices that restore maintain and enhance ecological harmony. The organic tea production system is different from conventional tea production. Organic manure is applied to tea as green manure or as one of many other organic materials, hydroponic nft channel some of which have been allowed to decompose. In favorable circumstances soil fertility and structure are improved. A bed of humus is formed which supports an active micro fauna which speeds decomposition converting nutrients to an available form. Erosion is reduced and the infiltration of water improved. Tea is grown in high water table soils and other types of shallow soils which occasionally include drained swamps.

A deep soil is essential for successful tea cultivation. Soil depth is vitally important if the tea soil selection is done with any confidence. A soil profile pit, at least 2 m deep, is dug in representative sites and the various soil horizons are examined for their suitability for tea planting. The available depth should be taken 1.5 m as a minimum. Tea roots will not develop fully when the soil or the sub-soil is either saturated or even nearly saturated with water for more than a very short period. The chemical requirement of tea soil is very specific, requiring 1) the absence of more than small amounts of calcium and 2) the presence of very definite acidity both in top soil and sub-soil. It seems probable that failure of tea in many areas has been due to high pH, although it has been attributed to climate and others cause. Tea is grown in a wide variety of soil types and its growth is favored in acidic conditions, with pH values ranging between 5.0 and 5.6. Although it will grow in soil pH as low as 4.0, soil pH only marginally higher than 5.6 is considered unsuitable without pH adjustment.