The number and role of participants may vary from choosing only one participant functioning as the subject to choosing two functioning either as subject or complement. A speaker can choose one process or two or more to produce a simple, complex, or compound and complex sentence. The choice of circumstances may also reflect a viewpoint of time, place, or emotion. Ideational function of language can be divided into two sub-functions: experiential and logical function. Logical function defines the clause complex, which has been discussed in the above part. The experiential function serves as a way of representing patterns of experience. Experience consists of a series of “goingson”—happening, doing, sensing, meaning and being and becoming, which are sorted out in the grammar of clause. Besides being a mode of action of giving and demanding good &-services and information, the clause is also a mode of reflection, of imposing order on the endless variation and flow of events. This is achieved by the grammatical system—transitivity. The transitivity system construes the world of experience into a manageable set of process types, namely, six types of process: material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal, and existential. A process consists of three components: 1) the process itself; 2) participants in the process; and 3) circumstances associated with the process. Each component is realized by some groups and phrase classes. Functions of these groups and phrase class are expressed in the following Table 1.When reading this garden path sentence, we take for granted that “the girl knows the answer to the physics problem” is a correct interpretation. However, we find it incorrect to comprehend this way the time we read “was correct” and then are forced to reread the sentence and reinterpret it. According to Figure 3, “the girl” is the Senser in the cognition process of “knows”, and all the other following part is Phenomenon. Interestingly, the phenomenon is a sentence of relational process, in which “the answer” serves as the Carrier, “was” an intensive process, and “correct” the attributive. Viewpoint is reflected in the choosing and positioning of participants, processes, and environments.A clause as a message structure consists of a Theme and a Rheme.

ThemeRheme structure is a reflection of viewpoint, which can be considered either within or outside the clause. The theme is the element which served as the point of departure, or a starting point of the message, with which the clause is concerned. The Rheme is the remainder of the message, the part in which the theme is developed. It is also the focus of the sentence, or the ending point corresponding to the starting point. The theme is not necessarily a nominal group. It may also be an adverbial group or a prepositional phrase. Below the clause,ebb and flow bench both the verbal group and the nominal group incorporate the thematic principle into their own structure. Above the clause, the same principle lies behind the organization of paragraphs in written discourse. The “topic sentence” of a paragraph is nothing other than its theme. Garden path sentence is mostly in written form. The following Figure 4 is the thematic analysis of sentence 3). Undoubtedly the comprehension of this sentence is of no exception with any other garden path sentence, which needs a twice look at the sentence. In Figure, the thematic structure is analyzed in the two constituent clauses. Theme 1 is the clause “since Jay always jogs”; Theme 2 is within the clause “since” +  “Jay” and Theme 3 is in the dominant clause  “a mile”. There the reader has to reread the sentence and correct the thematic structure in order to achieve a sound understanding of this garden path sentence.Insect comprises more than half of earth diversity of species. Butterflies are a taxonomically well studied group, which have received a reasonable amount of attention throughout the world, yet even within genera containing very common and wide spread species, our understanding of true species diversity may prove to be startling below common expectation. They have been studied systematically since the early 18th century and about 20,000 species are documented worldwide by 1998. This figure is not constant because of continuous addition of new butterflies’ species. Many butterflies’ species are strictly seasonal indicators in term of anthropogenic disturbance and habitat qualit. Lepidoptera community assembly and the factors which influence it have long been a topic of interest to ecologist and conservationists. Human dominated landscape form a substantial and ever increasing amount of the earth’s surface. These modified habitats often influence butterfly species and their dynamics. Arthropods are good indicators of habitats biodiversity because they respond quickly to environmental changes, and are highly diverse taxon. Lepidoptera  are the second largest order of arthropods and are most easily identified, making them particularly useful for biodiversity survey. Butterflies occur in a wide range of situations but are particularly characteristics of humid tropical forests, in which the known species occur.

Two important aspect of diversity are species richness and relative abundance of individuals. Species richness is a critical variable in conservation planning and natural resource management. A large proportion of the earth’s planets plant species including many trees depends on insects to pollinate their flowers. In turn, we and other land-dwelling animals depend on plant. Disappearance of insects could lead to extinction of earth’s animals because of the disappearance of so much plant life. Fortunately, insect has been around for at least 400 million years, and are phenomenally successful form of life. Today they are by far the planets most diverse, abundant and successful insect. The roles that the insects play in nature require us to understand how insects and other organisms living in a biological community interact with living and non-living environment. Among insects, butterflies are the most studied group in southern Nigeria, butterfly species have been documented since turn of 19th century. Later he made a preliminary survey of butterflies of Olokemeji forest reserve and Agege in Lagos state. Also made a detailed survey of butterflies of International Institute for Tropical Agriculture  forest, Ibadan and recorded nearly 149 species. The purpose of present investigation is to assess species richness of butterflies, provide species list and determine the physical factors affecting the distribution of butterfly species in the study area.University of Ibadan Botanical Garden is located within the University of Ibadan campus which is situated 6 kilometers to the North of the city of Ibadan  at a mean altitude of 277 meters above sea level . It covers an area of 100 acres on the north of the site. The topsoil is freely drained, fairly acidic and of moderate fertility with colluvial deposits in the valley. The University of Ibadan is located in the northern limit of lowland rainforest zone. It lies in a transitional zone between the rainforest and derived savanna zone with annual rainfall of about 1220 mm of double peak during June and August which lasts for almost 8 months  and dry season between November and March. The vegetation of the area is rich with highly diverse species comprising of a wide variety of woody trees, shrubs, collection of herbs, palms and climbers which are well represented.Butterfly species was assessed quantitatively across different habitats with sweep net and trapping methods. The entire botanical garden was divided into 3 different habitats which were stratified on the basis of flora composition. A 0.5 km transect was established at every site and attempts were made to catch every butterfly seen following Pollard’s transect walking technique.

In total, 12 transect walks  per site were done, Global Positioning Systems  readings were taken at the beginning, a few points along transects  and the end of transects. Weather conditions were noted and no netting was done under the following conditions: 1) wind > 3 on the Beaufort scale; 2) raining or very wet vegetation; and 3) cloudy and cold days. Random sweep netting formed the basis for species lists rapid biodiversity assessments. Sampling was carried out at different habitats from 21st June to 9th July, 2010. Modifications of the line transect count as per was used to determine the butterfly abundance and richness. In this method 500 m line transects was set up in each habitat. Each transect was slowly traversed at a uniform pace of 40 minutes at each habitats from 9 – 11 am during good weather period . Butterfly species were recorded around a radius of five meter from the observer covering his either sides, above and front. This method is suitable for the survey of butterfly in a range wide of habitats including tropical forest. All the individual species were identified by using standard guide.A total number of 57 species belonging to 9 families in the order Lepidoptera were recorded and it indicated that the habitat had a considerable diversity and abundant number of butterfly species. Out of these, Pieridae were the most common with 22 species, followed by Nymphalidae , Satyridea , 4x8ft rolling benches and the least number of species was observed in Ithiomidae and Rioninidae by 1 species each. Pieridea was the dominant family, accounting for 38% of species and 57.9% of individuals recorded . A total of 698 individual from 3 habitats/transects were observed and identified . Forty eight species of butterfly were observed in garden habitat while forest and cultivated habitats reached 28 species each respectively . The study revealed that in the garden habitat the individual among species were evenly distributed during the survey period, indicating that some species were more abundant than the others .

The abundance of individual of a species at any given point on a temporal scale was again dependent on abiotic and biotic environmental factors. The structural complexity of habitat and diversity of vegetation forms have been shown to correlate with animal and insect species diversity. The herbivores are more influenced by the food quality. Host plants are utilized only when sufficient resources  are also available. Successful butterfly habitat must therefore include sufficient larval and adult food resources. In the present study, the maximum number of species and individual were observed in garden area, where availability of diverse plants and access to host plants viz., Crotalaria verucosa, Tridax procumbens, Mimosa pudica, Chromolaena odorata, Lantana camara and ornamental flowering plants promoted the butterfly richness. The butterfly distribution are expected to reflect the distribution of their host plants even at scales and type of vegetation may reflect difference in the composition of butterfly species among habitats at the generic and family level. Figures 2-5 also confirmed the above finding.The earliest known zoo was established by Queen Hatshepsut Egypt in about 1500bc. About 500 years later the Chinese emperor Wang founded the garden of intelligence—an enormous zoo that covered about 607 hectares; between 1000 and 400bc rulers from Northern Africa, India and China established many small zoological gardens. The ancient Greek established public zoo as a place for the study of animals and plant life. Greek students visited for the local zoo as part of their educational purpose. During the Middle Ages, aged monarchs and the mobility liked keeping collection of animals; there was once a collection of lions in the tower of London modern zoo developed from royal managers and from traveling wild beast shows. By the end of the 1400s global exploration and an increased interest in learning had renewed the desire of Europe arms of zoos. In 1519 spinaches discovered hug zoos built by the Aztec Indians in which is now Mexico. During the next 250 years, a number of zoos were established in Europe. The oldest zoos still in existence are the Schanbrum Zoos that opened in Vienna, Australia. The wildlife has been kept in captivity since almost the beginning of civilization and historically most zoos were started simply for providing public entertainment as only a small fraction of them was started with the idea of promoting scientific studies.The development of modern scientific zoos as we know today started with the foundation of the zoological society of London which was one of the earliest societies to make serious study of wildlife animal in captivity as its main objective. The zoo animal seldom comes from the wild, because of the adaption of animals’ conservation, which produces the vast majority of animals in their collection.